Chuckanut Health Foundation
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About this research: Produced by Heather Flaherty, Chuckanut Health Foundation Executive Director, working independently on evenings and weekends. Claude (Anthropic's AI) was used as research and coding partner. No Chuckanut Health Foundation staff time used. Chuckanut Health Foundation's Executive Director serves as co-chair of the Incarceration Prevention and Reduction Task Force (IPRTF).
Whatcom County Sheriff's Office (WCSO) Booking Data 2023-2025 · Charge Category Analysis · Chuckanut Health Foundation

What people are
booked for in
Whatcom County.

12,332 bookings across three years, organized into five categories. Each has a distinct charge profile, a different relationship to public safety, and different implications for how the community should respond.

Overview · 2023-2025
Five categories. Five different conversations about public safety and response.
These are analytical groupings, not legal classifications. Each booking is assigned to one primary category based on its lead charge, with the Poverty category as an overlay. The goal is to help the community have more precise conversations about what the justice system is responding to.
Crimes Against Persons
1,658
35.0% of 2025 bookings
Top charges: Assault 4th (23%), Domestic Violence (DV) order violations (15%), Assault 2nd (6%). Serious violent felony subset: 406 bookings. Down from 40% of bookings in 2023.
Crimes of Endangerment
1,126
23.7% of 2025 bookings
Top charges: DUI (81%), Physical Control (5%), Attempting to Elude (3%), Reckless Driving (3%), Hit and Run (5%). Risk of death or injury to others is the defining element.
Crimes Against Property
627
13.2% of 2025 bookings
Top charges: Burglary 2nd (13%), Theft 3rd/Failure to Appear (FTA) (7%), Criminal Trespass (10%), Malicious Mischief (11%). Down from 18% in 2023.
Crimes Against Public Order
1,125
23.7% of 2025 bookings
Top charges: DWLS 3rd (31%), Department of Corrections (DOC) Detainer (14%), DWLS 2nd (8%), Fugitive Warrant (4%). Regulatory and administrative in character. Up from 14% in 2023 when DUI was included.
Crimes of Poverty (overlay)
756
15.9% of 2025 bookings
Top charges: DWLS 3rd (46%), Drug Possession (24%), Theft 3rd/FTA (10%), Criminal Trespass (11%). Tripled from 7% in 2023. An analytical overlay, not a separate legal bucket.
Rare Charges
199
4.2% of 2025 bookings
Includes: Drug possession classifier gaps (102), blank charge records (27), civil antiharassment orders (9), disorderly conduct variants (3), regulatory/rural charges, weapons, and court violations. All named.
Booking Share by Category, 2023-2025
Endangerment (DUI and related) separated from public order. The surge is in public order and, to a lesser degree, endangerment. Persons and property both declined as a share.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2023-2025. Chuckanut Health Foundation analysis. Poverty is an overlay and excluded from this stacked chart to avoid double-counting.

2025 Booking Composition
How 4,743 bookings distribute across five primary categories plus the poverty overlay.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. Poverty is shown separately as it overlaps with Order and Property. Rare = 199 bookings with charges that fall outside the five primary categories.

The most important trend in this data The booking surge of 2023-2025 is not driven by violent crime or endangerment. Crimes against persons fell from 40% to 35% of bookings. Endangerment (DUI and related) held roughly flat at 24-26%. Property crimes fell from 18% to 13%. The surge lives entirely in public order charges, primarily warrant executions (+60%), DOC Detainers (+650%), and drug possession following SB 5536 re-criminalization (+236%). These are the people driving the bed count increase, and their situation has specific, addressable policy causes.
Acknowledging harm
The people in this category caused real harm to real people in this community.

Crimes against persons are the most serious category in this dataset. Assault, domestic violence, robbery, rape, and child sexual exploitation each leave a specific person harmed. Victims did not choose to be in this data. Their experience matters, and the system's response to this category should be evaluated on victim safety and accountability, not only on cost or efficiency.

This dashboard shows who is being booked, how the system is responding, and whether that response is proportionate. It does not minimize the harm these charges represent.

Crimes Against Persons · 2025
1,658 bookings. The category spans from misdemeanor Assault 4th to child rape.
The most important thing to understand about this category is its internal range. Assault 4th (a shoving match with no injury) and Child Rape 1st are both in this bucket. The system treats them very differently, and appropriately so. Understanding the distribution within this category matters as much as the total count.
Total persons bookings 2025
1,658
35.0% of all bookings. Includes violent felonies, DV orders, misdemeanor assault.
Serious violent felony subset
406
8.6% of all 2025 bookings. Down from 11.8% in 2023 as total bookings surged.
Assault 4th (misdemeanor)
386
23% of persons bookings. Largest single charge. Class A misdemeanor.
DV protection order violations
~250
Combined DV/no-contact/protection order violations. Gross misdemeanor to felony.
No Bail Allowed
426
26% of persons bookings. System is holding this population.
Median bail, violent felony
$10,000
vs. $1,000 median for DUI. Proportionate bail response is visible.
Persons Bookings by Charge Sub-Category, 2025
1,658 bookings broken into named sub-groups. No "Other" slice.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. "Serious violent felony" = Assault 1st/2nd/3rd, Robbery 1st/2nd, Rape, Child Rape, Kidnap, Vehicular Assault, Homicide. "Child exploitation" = Pornography/Depict Minors, Child Molestation, Sexual Exploitation of Minor, Communicating with Minor for Immoral Purposes. "Co-charge" = bookings where a violent charge appeared alongside a primary non-violent charge (DUI, DWLS, DOC Detainer).

Is the System Holding Violent Cases?
Length of Stay (LOS) and bail comparison: serious violent felony vs. all persons vs. whole dataset.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. Violent felony: median LOS 7 days, 32% held 31+ days, No Bail Allowed 20%, median bail $10,000. All persons: median LOS 3 days. All bookings: median LOS 2 days.

Top Charges: Crimes Against Persons, 2025
All named. No catchall row.
ChargeClassCount
Assault 4th DegreeMisd. A386
Violation DV Protection OrderGross Misd.110
Assault 2nd DegreeFelony B102
Assault 4th Degree / FTAMisd./Warrant86
Violation No Contact Order (DV)Gross Misd.65
Violation No Contact OrderGross Misd.48
Assault 3rd (on LE officer)Felony B41
Violation Protection OrderGross Misd.38
Harassment (Felony)Felony38
Harassment (non-felony)Misd./Gross Misd.39
Assault and Battery 3rd DVGross Misd.24
Child Sexual Exploitation (all)Felony A/B36
Stalking / Telephone HarassmentFelony/Gross Misd.13
Indecent Exposure / VoyeurismGross Misd.11
Assault 1st DegreeFelony A~8
Robbery 1st DegreeFelony A~12
Rape 2nd / 3rd DegreeFelony A~23
Child Rape 1st / 2ndFelony A~16
Unlawful ImprisonmentFelony B/C33
Co-charge (primary = order offense)Mixed390

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. "Co-charge" = bookings classified as Persons because a violent charge appeared anywhere in the record, but whose primary charge was a DOC Detainer, DUI, or DWLS. These entered the facility via a different pathway; the violent charge is real but not what triggered the booking.

Arrest Origin & Courts
Who is making the arrests and which courts handle persons cases.
Arrest origin agency, 2025
Bellingham PD659  (43.3%)
Whatcom SO328  (21.6%)
Lummi PD132  (8.7%)
Ferndale PD82  (5.4%)
Blaine PD65  (4.3%)
Lynden PD59  (3.9%)
Courts handling persons cases
Whatcom Co. Superior Court485
Bellingham Municipal Court407
Whatcom County District Court249
Lummi Tribal Court108
Ferndale / Blaine / Lynden / Other~200
Violent felony trend Serious violent felony bookings declined from 436 in 2023 to 406 in 2025, even as total bookings surged 28%. Violent crime is not driving the facility demand increase.
Crimes of Endangerment · 2025
1,126 bookings. These charges exist because the risk of death or injury to others is the central harm.
DUI, Physical Control, Attempting to Elude, Reckless Driving, Hit and Run, and Vehicular Assault share a common legal theory: the defendant created an unreasonable risk of death or serious injury to specific other people on public roads. These are not regulatory technicalities. They are charges built on the premise that someone else could have died. Prosecutors are right to treat this category seriously.
Total endangerment bookings 2025
1,126
23.7% of all bookings. Includes DUI felony, vehicular assault, hit and run injury.
DUI (primary)
912
81% of endangerment bookings. Most frequent single charge in entire 2025 dataset.
Sat/Sun DUI share
56%
395 of 954 DUI bookings on Saturday or Sunday. Saturday = 205 bookings, the single highest-volume day.
DUI peak hour
3 AM
113 DUI bookings at 3am in 2025. 40% of all DUI bookings between midnight and 4am.
Median LOS (endangerment)
0 days
Most DUI arrests are same-day releases. Mean stay 4.4 days. 4% held 30+ days.
Endangerment trend
Stable
942 in 2023, 983 in 2024, 1,126 in 2025. Modest increase, not driving the surge.
Endangerment Charges, 2025
All 1,126 bookings named by charge. DUI dominates, but the serious endangerment charges at the right are worth seeing clearly.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. Physical Control = operating a vehicle while too impaired to drive but not in motion. Reckless Endangerment = placing another in substantial risk of death/injury (not traffic-specific). Vehicular Assault = injury caused while driving impaired or recklessly.

DUI by Day of Week, 2025
Weekend concentration is marked. Saturday alone accounts for 21.5% of all DUI bookings.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. Day of week from booking timestamp. The Saturday/Sunday share (56%) is consistent with post-bar and recreational drinking patterns.

Why DUI is not a "public order" charge Traditional criminological classification puts DUI in "public order" or "regulatory" categories because no specific victim is named at time of booking. This classification is misleading. The legal theory of DUI is identical to the legal theory of Assault: a defendant placed another person at risk of death or serious injury. Vehicular Assault and Vehicular Homicide are what DUI becomes when someone is actually hurt. Treating DUI as categorically separate from those downstream consequences misrepresents why the charge exists. Endangerment is the honest category.
Crimes Against Property · 2025
627 bookings. Down from 665 in 2023. 13.2% of all bookings.
Burglary, theft, malicious mischief, arson, and vehicle-related property crime. Bellingham PD accounts for 66% of property crime arrests, consistent with urban density and retail concentration. Property crime bookings have declined as a share even as total bookings surged.
Total property bookings 2025
627
Down from 665 in 2023. 13.2% of all bookings.
Median LOS
2 days
Mean 14.7 days. 80 bookings lasted 31+ days.
Burglary 2nd
79
12.6% of property bookings. Class B felony. Entering unlawfully with intent to commit crime.
Bellingham PD share
66%
414 of 627 property arrests. Urban retail and commercial concentration.
Top Property Crime Charges, 2025
All charges named. Primary charge per booking.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. Malicious Mischief 2nd = damage over $750. Malicious Mischief 3rd = damage under $750. Burglary Residential = entering a dwelling unlawfully. Criminal Trespass sits at the intersection of property crime and poverty; context determines which framing applies.

Property Crime Arrests by Agency, 2025
Arrest origin for 627 property bookings.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. Bellingham accounts for nearly two-thirds of all property crime arrests, reflecting the urban concentration of commercial retail targets and visible homelessness.

Crimes Against Public Order · 2025
1,125 bookings. Now that DUI is in Endangerment, this category is almost entirely DWLS, DOC Detainers, and supervision violations.
Driving While License Suspended, DOC Detainers, probation/parole violations, obstruction, disorderly conduct, and fugitive warrants. These are regulatory and administrative charges whose primary harm is non-compliance with legal requirements rather than danger or property damage.
Total public order bookings 2025
1,125
After DUI moves to Endangerment. Up sharply from 2023.
DWLS 3rd (all)
345
31% of order bookings. License suspended, typically for unpaid fines. Misdemeanor.
DOC Detainer
159
14% of order bookings. State supervision hold, not a new local crime.
Median LOS
2 days
Most order contacts are brief. Mean 12.4 days, pulled by long-stay DWLS cases.
Policy-driven growth
+60%
DWLS warrant-only bookings grew 60% from 2023-2025 following booking restriction changes.
Public Order Charges, 2025
All 1,125 bookings named by charge. DWLS dominates once DUI is removed.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. DOC Detainer = state Department of Corrections hold for supervision violation. Not a new local crime. Fugitive Warrant = outstanding warrant from another jurisdiction. Ignition Interlock Violation = operating a vehicle without the required ignition interlock device following a DUI conviction.

Public Order Growth, 2023-2025
The order category grew from 514 to 1,125 over two years (excluding DUI, which was in Order in prior analysis). This is where the warrant surge and DOC detainer increase live.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2023-2025. DWLS growth driven by booking restriction changes allowing more warrant executions. DOC Detainer growth driven by state supervision policy. These are modifiable policy variables, not fixed trends.

What distinguishes Order from Endangerment DUI is now in Endangerment because the harm being prevented is physical injury to other people. The charges remaining in Order are fundamentally regulatory: a person driving on a suspended license is non-compliant with a legal requirement, but the license suspension itself is often the consequence of an unpaid fine. A DOC Detainer is a state administrative hold. These require a justice system response, but not necessarily the same response as a charge that put someone at risk of dying.
Crimes of Poverty · 2025 (overlay)
756 bookings. An analytical category, not a legal one. Requires intellectual honesty.
This overlay identifies bookings where the primary charge is most plausibly explained by poverty, housing instability, substance use disorder, or civil-infraction cascade. It is not an argument that these harms should be ignored. It is an argument about what interventions are most likely to reduce future contact.
The honest tension in this category: Calling a charge a "poverty crime" risks minimizing the harm it causes. A Theft 3rd from a small business owner is real harm regardless of the thief's economic situation. Criminal trespass on private property has real costs. This category is not an argument for ignoring these crimes. It is an argument that incarceration as the primary response to charges whose root cause is poverty, addiction, or a license suspended for an unpaid fine is both ineffective and expensive, and that the community has other tools available.
Total poverty-overlay bookings 2025
756
Tripled from 265 in 2023. Driven by two specific policy changes.
DWLS 3rd (primary)
345
46% of poverty bookings. License suspended for unpaid fine, cascading into misdemeanor.
Drug possession
184
24%. Increased following SB 5536 (2023) re-criminalizing simple possession after Blake.
Estimated annual cost
$2.95M
At $250/day, 756 bookings at mean 15.6 days. Research-backed alternatives exist for all major sub-categories.
Poverty-Category Charges, 2025
756 bookings across the core poverty-indicator charges.

Source: WCSO Booking Data 2025. All charges are real criminal charges. The "poverty" framing refers to the most common causal pathway, not to a legal element of the charge.

Poverty-Category Growth, 2023-2025
The tripling is almost entirely two policy changes: DWLS 3rd FTA warrant surge and SB 5536 drug re-criminalization.

Source: WCSO 2023-2025. DWLS 3rd primary bookings grew from ~60 to 345. Drug possession grew from ~30 to 184. Both reflect specific, reversible policy decisions.

Rare Charges · 2025
199 bookings across charges that appear too infrequently to constitute a named category, plus two data gaps.
These bookings are real. All 199 are named below, organized by group. The largest single group (102 bookings) is a classifier gap, not a true rare category, explained below. Nothing is hidden in an "Other" bar.
Drug possession classifier gap
102 bookings

These bookings involve drug possession charges that belong in the Public Order / Poverty categories but were not captured by the primary classifier due to a spelling variant in the booking record: "POSSESSION OF A CONTROLED SUBSTANCE" (one L in Controlled). This is a data entry variation in the source records, not a different charge. Analytically these should be counted with the 184 drug possession bookings in the Poverty overlay.

102 Possession of a Controled Substance (spelling variant)
Blank charge records
27 bookings

27 bookings have no charge recorded in the primary charge field. These may represent holds where charging was pending at time of booking entry, or data entry gaps. They are retained in the dataset as real bookings but cannot be classified by charge.

27 No charge recorded (blank primary charge field)
Civil antiharassment order violations
9 bookings

Civil antiharassment orders are civil court orders (not criminal protection orders). Violating them results in a criminal booking. Distinct from the criminal Harassment charges already counted in Crimes Against Persons.

5 Violation Civil Antiharassment Order 2 Violation Civil Antiharassment Order / FTA 2 Violation Anti-Harassment Order / FTA
Weapons charges (standalone)
5 bookings

Weapons charges where the weapon itself was the primary charge, not in combination with an assault. Note that many weapons charges appear as co-charges in the Persons bucket and are already counted there.

1 Bomb Threat 1 Illegal Possession of Firearm 1st 1 Illegal Possession of Firearm 2nd / FTA 1 Incendiary Devices 1 Discharging Firearms
Drug manufacturing and delivery
8 bookings

Drug manufacturing and delivery charges that were not captured by the primary Order classifier. These are more serious than simple possession and belong in the Order category analytically.

5 MFG/DEL Amphetamine/Methamphetamine 2 Possession Marijuana with Intent to Deliver 1 MFG/DEL Schedule I/II Narcotic/Sch IV Felony
Court and supervision violations
5 bookings

Violations of specific court orders or supervision programs not captured by the main DOC/Probation classifier.

2 Disobedience of Lawful Order of Court 2 DOC Work Release (WTR) Violation 1 Mental Health Court Violation
Disorderly conduct variant
3 bookings

A specific statutory variant of disorderly conduct not captured by the main disorderly classifier (which caught 17 bookings already in Public Order).

3 Disorderly Conduct / Cause / Engage / Provoke Fight
Property variants
13 bookings

Property-related charges using charge descriptions that did not match the primary Property classifier.

8 Possession or Sale of Stolen Property 2 Trespass Non-Residential 1 Trespass Residential 1 Entering Vehicle Without Owner's Permission 1 Assault (generic, no degree specified)
Regulatory, rural, and genuinely rare charges
27 bookings (1-2 each)

Charges with 1-2 bookings each. Every one is named. These are real bookings. Several reflect rural Whatcom County enforcement (livestock, ORV, junk vehicle). Others are genuinely unusual charges not seen elsewhere in the dataset.

2 Abandoning Junk Vehicle 1 Livestock at Large / FTA 1 Dangerous Dog 1 Animal Damage to Property or Person 1 Animal Cruelty 2nd / FTA 1 ORV Operate Without Registration 1 ORV Operate Under Influence Alcohol 1 Suspension of Registration 1 Nuisance Violation / FTA 1 Urinating in Public 1 Deposit Unwholesome Substance 1 Tamper with Fire Alarm / Equipment 1 Buy / Sell Vehicle with Altered Serial 1 Give False Info to Police 1 Public Officer Make False Statement 1 Sell Controlled Substance for Profit / FTA 1 Possession Marijuana <40g / FTA 1 Poss. Legal Drug Without Prescription 1 Unlawful Use of Building for Drug Purposes 1 Allow Unauthorized Person to Drive 1 Reckless Endangerment Emergency Zone 1 Fail Comply Police / Flagging / Firefight 1 Damage Only, Driver Duty 1 Criminal Conspiracy / Felony 1 Child Abuse Neglect 1 Operate Vehicle, Reg. Certificate Cancelled 1 Negligent Driving 1st Degree / Aid & Abet
What this tells us about the data The 102 drug possession classifier-gap bookings are the most analytically significant finding here. They represent roughly 34% of the entire rare bucket and belong in the Order/Poverty categories. Adding them to the drug possession count would raise that figure from 184 to 286, making it an even larger share of the booking total. The 27 blank records are a data quality note worth tracking over time. The genuinely rare charges, livestock violations to bomb threats, are a reminder that Whatcom County jail bookings cover the full range of human behavior, most of it ordinary, some of it genuinely unusual.
Beta Project - Under active development. Errors: info@chuckanuthealthfoundation.org